How do doctors study for PG and MD?

How do doctors study for PG and MD?

Devpriyo Pal, MD Radiodiagnosis, North Bengal Medical College (2021)

The key to NEET-PG is Revision. I don't know about other entrance examinations but there's very little application in NEET-PG compared to the amount to things you have to remember.

Everyone has their methods: Mine was to organize everything in such a way that I keep seeing them as frequently as possible in oneplace. (Shout out to my girlfriend, Shruti Gupta, for making me understand this earlyon!)

Extensive notes have to be made for all 19 subjects (all of which are a specialty by themselves in post graduation/MD) because it's not possible to know everything about everything. I used to use a lot of colours in my notes. I built my preparation around my DAMS notes.

DAMS was instrumental in my preparation because it saved me time by prioritising my workload, giving me tools to assess myself, clearing my never ending list of doubts and showing me how good the competitionaround me was. Had I studied alone at home, this would have taken longer and I wouldn't have known how everyone else was doing around me. That's important.

Coming back to the notes, here's a typical page from my ENT notes:

The colours help me in two ways: it makes me enjoy making the notes because it stimulates some childlike fascination for coloring and it makes revision less monotonous.

Hundreds of charts: flow charts, comparisons, similar sounding names and words across subjects. It's important to correlate and compare because the more connected your concepts from different subjects will be the better your recall will be. Here's one from Biochemistry:

Squeezing more into a single page. Concise notes help in quick revision - this comes in handy during the last month/week when you see everything at a glance. A page from Ophthalmology:

Word association: Potato in ENT

Using images and figures wherever possible instead of plain words. Here's how I remember the poisons in forensic medicine:

Or how I annotated images of CT scans for Radiology:

Utilising every bit of your time. This is a photo of a flow chart comparison I was making while I got a break during my work as a house-staff in pediatrics. I grabbed a clinical note sheet and started revising protein metabolism from Biochemistry.

Detailed Timetables which you never manage to stick to but you keep trying anyway. Eventually you manage to find a sustainable rhythm.

A giant white board (donated by Shruti Gupta!) displaying a metabolic process/management in its entirety which you have to see 10 times a day as you walk about in your room. Fastest way to remember something that you have difficulty remembering.

Keep everything with you on your phone at all times. Phones are your biggest distractions, usually. Turn it into your ally. My gallery used to look like this:

It is also useful to make “ultimate” memory cards where you highlight important MCQs and keep photos with you for quick revision in the loo or in the metro.

And lastly, although I don't have photos to illustrate, make sure you stick notes everywhere in your room. It can be classification of peripheral nerves or side effects of propofol. Anything that you have a tendency of forgetting but is an important topic is something that deserves to go up on the wall/mirror/cupboard door etc.

Revision cycle:

This is extremely important. The number of times you revise is incredibly important. After the first reading which takes months (in my case it ended in mid September), start reading all the subjects again.

Second reading should take you around 35–45 days depending on your state of preparation. ( I finished 2nd reading in october end).

The third reading should take 20–25 days. (My AIIMS and PGI exams were in the middle of my third reading. Naturally, I messed up those.)

The fourth should take around 15 days. (Mid December for me)

If you get time to squeeze in another revision it will take 12–13 days. (My last revision before Jan 7th. This revision changed everything for me.)

Apart from these, the basics are always important.

Thorough reading of the text, plenty of practice MCQs and regular assessment by way of practice tests.

Doing this every day for 10–12 hours for 6–8 months was the most difficult thing I have ever done. Dealing with the hopelessness, the frustration, the sheer mental fatigue can only be matched by the profound sense of relief I feel now as I remember all this with a certain degree of fondness.

Written by,

Devpriyo Pal

Link to content:
How do doctors study for PG and MD?

Why do women have periods when most animals dont

This article is not from Quora. This is picked as random information that can be useful for me and my children someday. I want to re-post this information to make sure it's not lost because of the original site taking it off or not in use itself or any other reason. It's vital information in my opinion.

By Shreya Dasgupta

20 April 2015

I got my first period when I was only 11.

In the first few years, my periods were not only a source of occasional embarrassment, they were also excruciatingly painful. I would lie curled up in my bed with a hot water bag, unable to move or breathe, and I would wonder: "why me?"

Of course, I wasn't the only one: most women menstruate. But most other female animals don't bleed outwardly like us. Even among those that give birth to live young as we do, only a handful of species menstruate.

So menstruation isn't just inconvenient and unpleasant: it's also a mystery. Why do we menstruate at all? And if it's such a good idea, why don't other animals do it?

Every month the womb lining thickens and divides into layers (Credit: Jacopin/BSIP/SPL)

Menstruation is part of a woman's reproductive cycle. Every month, in response to reproductive hormones – mainly oestrogen and progesterone – a woman's womb gets ready for pregnancy.

Women lose 30 to 90 ml of fluid over 3-7 days of menstruation

The inner lining of the womb, known as the endometrium, prepares for an embryo to implant in it. The endometrium thickens, divides into different layers and develops an extensive network of blood vessels.

If the woman doesn't get pregnant, progesterone levels begin to fall. The thick endometrial tissue with its blood vessels then begins to slough off, and passes out through the vagina. This bleeding is menstruation.

On average, women lose 30 to 90 ml of fluid over 3-7 days of menstruation. We know, because scientists have given women pre-weighed pads and tampons, and weighed them again after use.

On the face of it, this seems like a rather wasteful process. As a result, many people have attempted to explain why we do it.

Menstruation is often the subject of taboos (Credit: Image Source/Alamy)

"Some of the early thoughts on menstruation were that it was removing toxins from the body," says Kathryn Clancy, an anthropologist at the University of Illinois in Urbana.

Schick concluded that menstruating women excreted toxic substances from their skin

Much of the research in the early 1900s was coloured by deeply entrenched taboos against menstruating women, some of which persist even today.

For instance, Bela Schick, a popular physician, conceived the term 'menotoxin' in 1920. He ran experiments in which menstruating and non-menstruating women handled flowers. Schick concluded that menstruating women excreted toxic substances from their skin that caused flowers to wilt.

These menotoxins, according to Schick, also stopped the growth of yeast and prevented dough from rising. Schick postulated that the menotoxins might seep into a menstruating woman's sweat as well.

No, menstruating women don't cause flowers to wither (Credit: Novarc Images/Alamy)

Others corroborated his conclusions, concluding that toxins from menstruating women could wither plants and spoil beer, wine and pickles.

Most of these studies were very poorly designed

"There was this idea at this time that women are just awful and disgusting," Clancy says. "The problem is that they tried to keep saying this all the way to the 70s."

In reality, Clancy says that most of these studies were very poorly designed, so they didn't really show that menotoxins exist.

In 1993, a very different hypothesis about the function of menstruation captured popular media attention. Margie Profet, then at the University of California Berkeley, suggested that menstruation's function is to "defend against pathogens transported to the uterus [womb] by sperm".

Are sperm dangerous? (Credit: Professors P. M. Motta & J. van Blerkom/SPL)

"Instead of saying that it is women that are dirty, she said that it is men who are dirty," Clancy says. "We need to flush out the dirtiness of men in order to reduce our chances of venereal disease."

Scientists found no link between female promiscuity and menstrual bleeding

Profet's idea quickly fell down for lack of evidence. For instance, it predicts that there should be more disease-causing organisms in the womb before menstruation than after. But this wasn't borne out. Some studies even suggested that menstruation increases the risk of infection, because bacteria grow well in blood, which is rich in iron, proteins and sugars. Moreover, during menstruation there is less mucus around the cervix, making it easier for bacteria to enter.

Profet made another prediction. If the females of a species mate with multiple partners, they should bleed more, because they would be at greater risk of exposure to sperm-borne diseases. But scientists found no link between female promiscuity and menstrual bleeding.

One of Profet's leading critics was anthropologist Beverly Strassmann of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. In 1996, she put forward her own idea.

The womb lining, or endometrium, at its thickest (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/SPL)

Strassmann argued that if we want to understand why menstruation occurs, we must figure out why animals' wombs go through reproductive cycles: not just humans, but other mammals too.

It costs a lot of energy to maintain a thick, blood-filled layer

Other female mammals build up the inner walls of their wombs just like women do. If they don't get pregnant, they either re-absorb this material, or let it bleed out.

It costs a lot of energy to maintain a thick, blood-filled layer inside the womb all the time, Strassmann argued. It might actually use less energy to tear down the lining and regrow it. "I used energy economy, not to actually explain the bleeding, but to explain why there is this cyclicity in the first place," Strassmann says.

Then it's a matter of whether the female can re-absorb all the blood efficiently. If there is too much, it might be simpler to menstruate. "The fact that there is blood loss in some species is not an adaptation, but a side effect of species anatomy and physiology," says Strassmann.

Embryos implant themselves in the womb wall (Credit: Science Picture Co/SPL)

Strassmann was not alone in proposing that menstruation is a by-product, rather than something evolution had specifically favoured.

Embryos have pushed deeper and deeper into the mother's tissue

Colin Finn, then at the University of Liverpool in the UK, suggested something similar in 1998. His idea was that menstruation is a necessary consequence of the way the womb evolved, rather than a way to conserve energy as Strassmann had suggested. 

According to Finn, embryos have pushed deeper and deeper into the mother's tissue, and the womb lining has defended itself against the embryo by thickening and forming layers. This thick lining is perfectly receptive to the embryo, but only for a few days. After that, if the woman isn't pregnant, the lining must be got rid of.

Both these ideas are neat. To figure out the truth, we need to compare animals that do and don't menstruate.

Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) menstruate much like humans (Credit: Pete Oxford/NPL)

Apart from humans, most of the other menstruating animals are primates, the group that includes monkeys and apes as well as humans. Most monkeys living in Africa and Asia, such as rhesus macaques, menstruate.

Great apes do it too. Menstrual bleeding is easily detectable in chimpanzees and gibbons. However, gorillas and orang-utans bleed less copiously, so menstruation is only visible on closer inspection. Other primates, such as tarsiers, may also menstruate, but there is little hard evidence.

Other than our close relatives, menstruation also evolved independently in two other groups: some bats and elephant shrews.

Seba's short-tailed bat (Carollia perspicillata) menstruates (Credit: Visuals Unlimited)

Bats that menstruate belong to two families called the free-tailed bats and the leaf-nosed bats, says John J Rasweiler IV, a retired professor from the State University of New York, and an expert on bat reproduction.

The list of animals that menstruate is quite short

In these species, menstruation is similar to that of humans. For instance, short-tailed fruit bats have cycles lasting 21-27 days, almost as long as that of humans, says Rasweiler. Menstruation also appears to last a similar length of time.

However, bleeding in bats is not as clearly visible as in humans. "This is understandable because the menstruating bats are much smaller animals and have smaller blood vessels vascularizing their uterine lining," says Rasweiler.

It seems the list of animals that menstruate is quite short: humans, apes, monkeys, bats and elephant shrews. What do these seemingly disparate animals have in common?

Eastern elephant shrews (Elephantulus myurus) menstruate (Credit: Klein & Hubert/NPL)

It all comes down to how much control the mother animal has over her own womb, according to Deena Emera of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. In a paper published in 2011, Emera and her colleagues pointed out that in menstruating animals, the transformation of the womb wall is entirely controlled by the mother, using the hormone progesterone.

These changes to the womb are triggered by signals from the embryo

Embryos can only implant in the womb wall if it is thick and has specialised large cells, so this means the female is effectively controlling whether or not she can get pregnant. This ability is called "spontaneous decidualisation".

In most other mammals, these changes to the womb are triggered by signals from the embryo. In effect, the womb lining thickens in response to pregnancy.

"There's a nice correlation between species that menstruate and species that exhibit spontaneous decidualisation," says Emera.

Assuming this pattern holds, Emera seems to have identified the key question. Why do some females control their own womb linings, while others allow their unborn embryos to control them?

An invasive, aggressive parasite (Credit: Chad Ehlers/Alamy)

"We argue that spontaneous decidualisation likely evolved because of the conflict between the mother and the foetus," Emera says.

A foetus will dig through all the womb lining to directly bathe in its mother's blood

"We put forward two possibilities, especially in primates." The first is that spontaneous decidualisation may have evolved to protect the mother from an aggressive foetus.

All foetuses burrow into the linings of their mothers' wombs, in search of nourishment. But some do this more than others.

In horses, cows and pigs, the embryo simply sits on the surface of the womb lining. In dogs and cats, the foetuses dig in a little more. But in humans and other primates, a foetus will dig through all the womb lining to directly bathe in its mother's blood.

The womb wall thickens ready for pregnancy (Credit: Microscape/SPL)

That's because mothers and babies are engaged in an "evolutionary tug-of-war", says Elizabeth Rowe of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana.

The mother responded by putting up her defences

The mother wants to ration how much nutrients she gives to each baby, so she has some left and can have more babies. On the other hand, the developing baby wants to get as much energy from its mother as it can.

"As the foetus became more aggressive, the mother responded by putting up her defences before the invasion actually began," says Emera.

The second possibility is that spontaneous decidualisation evolved to get rid of bad embryos.

Rufous elephant shrews (E. rufescens) also menstruate (Credit: Mark MacEwen/NPL)

Human embryos are very prone to genetic abnormalities, which is why so many pregnancies fail in the first few weeks. This might because of our unusual sexual habits, says Emera.

An egg may be several days old by the time it gets fertilised

"Humans can copulate anytime during the reproductive cycle, unlike many other mammals that copulate right around ovulation," says Emera. This is called "extended copulation". Other menstruating primates, some of the menstruating bat species, and the elephant shrew all engage in extended copulation. 

As a result, an egg may be several days old by the time it gets fertilised, says Emera. Ageing eggs may result in abnormal embryos.

Once the womb lining has thickened and changed, its cells develop the ability to recognise and respond to defective embryos. So spontaneous decidualisation may be a way for the mother to save her resources, says Emera. "It prevents her from investing in a bad embryo, lets her get rid of it right away, and primes her body for another successful pregnancy."

Rhesus macaques mate throughout the female's reproductive cycle (Credit: Danny Green/NPL)

This makes a fair bit of sense. Almost all menstruating mammals have long pregnancies and invest a lot in producing one or two babies at a time. As a result, losing even a single baby comes at a high cost, so evolution would favour anything that helped avoid doomed pregnancies.

Human menstruation is an accidental by-product of how our reproduction evolved

In line with this idea, a study published in 2008 found that rhesus macaque embryos are also prone to genetic abnormalities. But we don't have similar data for many other species, says Emera, so this idea can't be properly tested.

While we can't yet be sure why spontaneous decidualisation evolved, we are still closer to answering the riddle of menstruation. The ideas of Strassmann, Finn and Emera all suggest that human menstruation is an accidental by-product of how our reproduction evolved. It could be a consequence of our aggressive foetuses, or our habit of mating regardless of whether women are ovulating, or both.

In species that reproduce differently, menstruation never had to happen. In fact, menstruation itself used to be a rare event. In the wild, and in some human societies, it still is.

For humans, pregnancy lasts a long time (Credit: graficart.net/Alamy)

This is because wild mammals that menstruate spend most of their time either pregnant or nursing a baby. It actually takes considerable luck to catch one of them menstruating, says Rasweiler.

Menstruation is also rare in human societies that don't use any form of contraception. There are a few such "natural fertility" populations even today, and women in these societies spend most of their reproductive life either pregnant or breastfeeding.

Dogon women are mostly pregnant or breastfeeding (Credit: Bryan and Cherry Alexander/NPL)

Among the Dogon, a natural fertility population in Mali, Strassmann has found that women have about 100 periods over their lifetime. This was probably fairly typical for much of our species' history.

By contrast, most modern women have 300-500 periods. "What we are experiencing, as part of our evolution, is very unusual," says Strassmann.

"There are women who are sometimes afraid of not having a period," says Clancy. "I think understanding the origins of how our body works helps us realize that the boundaries of normal are much wider than we might think. Rather than pathologising every little tweak and every little difference we have, maybe we should leave it alone a lot more."

What would 11-year-old me have made of these ideas? None of them would have made my first periods any less painful. But I might have felt a bit better if I had been able to see my discomfort from such a broad perspective.

Link to original post:
http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150420-why-do-women-have-periods

What are some life-saving health tricks and hacks?

I will not stop posting this!!!!! #ATTENTION .

Most Important article to save your entire family.

Learn from the mistakes of others:

A Family (a man his wife and their baby) who just came back from a dinner out of the house in a restaurant, perceived the smell of gas in the house.The husband upon entering the house turned on the light to see clearly and immediately there was an explosion that killed the man on the spot. The explosion also affected the wife who is currently in the ICU unit. The baby, being far from the explosion was saved. Utensils were found to more than 200 m from the scene of the explosion.

Lesson:

1. When you perceive the smell of gas don't turn on the light by contrast,if light is already ON do not switch it OFF, proceed to open your windows and shutters, gently, so as not to create sparks.

2. Close the cylinder of gas. Don't you turn on the light bulbs until you are sure of the dissipation of the smell of gas.

3. Also do not open the fridge or the freezer because it could also create sparks.

4.If you are outside of your house, moisten the key with your saliva before introducing it into the lock.

5 do not use your phone in anyway in fact just throw it outside

6. Go outside the home & Call 1906 for emergency services from Gas Company. ( All Manufacturer of LPG should Write Number on GAS Cylinders).

Image and content source - https://www.facebook.com/1351284...

Edit 1 -

Comment by Mr Arun Prasad.

It's not about switching on the bulb/fan/tv. It's basically about preventing spark. If the switch is in “off” position, leave it there. If the switch is in “on” position, leave it there. To put it simply, changing the position of the switch creates spark. Thus, prevent sparks by not altering the position of the switch.

Edit 2 -

Comment by Mr Farhan Kazi

Written by,

Ankit Verma 

https://www.quora.com/profile/Ankit-Verma-470?ch=10&share=c8878ead&srid=CId2

Link to original content:

What are some life-saving health tricks and hacks?

THE RIGHT WAY OF BUYING GLASSES/SPECTACLES.

THE RIGHT WAY OF BUYING GLASSES/SPECTACLES.

Just like shoes, even glasses have different sizes but I feel most people don’t know how to read them

Step 1: find where is the size written on your glasses.

It is usually on the inside of you temples.

That’s the number on my glasses: 9Y12 50•16–138(yours will be similar)

Step 2: start reading from right to left.
The first number is-138.
Which means that my temples are 138 mm long or 13.8 cm.

The next number is-16.
That means the the bridges are 16 mm or 1.6 cm long.

The last number is-50
This means that my lenses are 50mm or 5cm long.

That’s it! 
Next time you go to buy glasses you don’t have to try thousands of different frames to see which ones fit!

I hope you have learnt something new.

Thank you.

(pictures are from my mom’s phone cause my phone's camera quality sucks!)

Written by,

Ibrahim Salat

https://www.quora.com/profile/Ibrahim-Salat?ch=10&share=dddbe066&srid=CId2

Link to original content:

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Why did Gandhi like Urdu?

It wasn't only Gandhi who knew Urdu , .. .

Pundit Nehru

Pundit Nehru’s Wedding letter was written in Urdu

2. Munshi premChand

Most of the people think , premchand was renowned writer of Hindi . But it's a half truth , his writings in Urdu are more popular

3. The Great ‘ Manmohan Singh’

It's the fascinating fact that Manmohan Singh still today cant read or write Hindi . His mother tounge is Punjabi and had no connection with hindi .He usually speak in hindi by reading urdu scripts

4. Comrade ‘Bhagat Singh’

Bhagat singh used to write revolutionary articles and poetries in Urdu . here is one of his letters…

Mahatma Gandhi

Here is Gandhi's write-up in Urdu

Coming to the original question . ‘why Gandhi liked Urdu?’

Urdu is a beauty , which sums up the great bond between to cultures , civilizations and customs .

Urdu isn't a muslims language , but the truth is that …founding fathers of urdu are mainly Hindus .

For Gandhi and other leaders urdu wasn't a Islamic language but an Indian language .

Today Netas (politicians) ,whom are doing dirty politics over urdu and stating it as ‘language of muslims’ will not be forgiven in the court of God . they will be responsible for the brutal death of Urdu …

Written by,

Ukkasha Farqaleet

https://www.quora.com/profile/Ukkasha-Farqaleet-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%81-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B7?ch=10&share=fa1a23f0&srid=CId2

Link to original content:

https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Gandhi-like-Urdu/answer/Ukkasha-Farqaleet-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%81-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B7?ch=10&share=090fa13b&srid=CId2

Is Bollywood slowly islamizing India?

I’ll answer this question in 3 parts.

Perspectives

Confirmation bias

Statistics

Part 1: Perspectives

I believe that a lot of our reality is based on perspectives. All of us see things in a different way. Every answer to this question has shared a perspective. So let me do the same. I could have picked any of the thousands of Bollywood films, but I will pick the ones mentioned in this thread.

Let’s see how perspectives matter a lot.

Bajrangi Bhaijaan - 
One perspective - In this answer, the writer claims that Lord Hanuman was insulted in the film when a character asks whether Hanuman’s power is applicable in Pakistan as well. Further, the answer claims that the movie is promoting chicken, which for some reason is equated with Islam.

My perspective - Well, the same film also portrayed, in a crucial climax scene, a Muslim girl screaming ‘Jai Shri Ram!’; the same film also portrayed the lead hero as a Hindu who believes that Lord Hanuman will save him, and turns out that this really happens. As for chicken and Islam, consider this: Muslims constitute 20% of India’s population; but around 70% Indians are non-vegetarians.[1] Which religion do you think the rest belong to?

The movie PK - 
One perspective - Many answers (such as this, this or this) talk about the same scene where a character dressed as Lord Shiva ready to act in a play was shown running around in the bathroom. People overreacted on this to mean that Lord Shiva was shown as weak. So many people have claimed this! I can’t believe it.

My perspective - The same movie, PK, also showed a scene where he made fun of all the religious groups by exposing the stereotype of how people are dressed up (where a Muslim was dressed as a Sikh, for example). Is that an offence to other religions then? There’s another scene where PK offers condolences for burkha clad women, thinking that they lost their husbands. Is that a slight against Islam?

Jodha Akbar - 
One perspective - People believe that showing a Muslim as a great leader promotes Islam. Various answers (like this or this) claim that Akbar was not great and Bollywood only wanted to put Islam in a better light. They also allude to the song Khwaja as something praising Islam.

My perspective - The same film showed a Hindu princess, Jodhaa, standing firm in asking her demands to protect her Hindu faith. The movie’s plot depicts that without Jodhaa, and her positive influence in Akbar’s life, the emperor and his kingdom was doomed. In fact, the same film also gives us the great song Manmohana, where Jodha prays to Krishna and therein initiates their love.

The glorification of villains
One perspective - Several answers talked about how a Muslim villain is glorified in Bollywood films (answers to this question mention Raees, Haseena, D Company etc.) and say that this is why Bollywood is glorifying Islam. 

My perspective - There are various other crime movies (or anti-hero) movies where the criminal is not a Muslim. In fact, some of these movies are based on real life criminals. For example, search for the inspiration behind the movies Special 26, Talwar, Badlapur, Raman Raghav, Sarkar, Sarkar Raj etc. where the glorified criminals are not Muslims. How about that, huh?

Glorification of criminals has always been a pretty theme not just in Bollywood but in all film industries around the world. This is nothing new, and we only see what we want to see - a case for Islamizing of India.

The usage of Urdu Words - what is the reality?
One perspective - Various answers (primarily this highly upvoted answer) claim that Bollywood songs have a lot of Urdu words and this is a sign of Islamizing India. A lot of people upvoted this, seemingly agreeing with the idea. 

My perspective - Do you even realise how much Urdu you speak every day? No? Let me just give you an idea of the Urdu words you speak every day, along with the proper Hindi words in brackets. Ready? Here you go:

We all use dil (hriday), dost (mitra), khana (bhojan), kanoon (niyam), aurat (naari), aadmi (nar), haalat (stithi), kismat (bhagya), khabar (samachar), bahadur (nidar), yaar (mitra), zahar (vish), khwab (swapna), sirf (keval), darwaza (dwaar), khoon (rakht) and so many other Urdu words in our daily conversations. 

Not all these words are a result of Bollywood’s influence. The fact is that Hindi and Urdu have alwaysbeen like this, since before indepenence. Hence, the argument that usage of Urdu words is a sign of islamizing India is not true. Because if it were, you are also Islamizing India by using the words I mentioned above.

Religions of people who marry each other
One perspective - A writer has claimed in this answer that a lot of Muslim men in Bollywood are marrying Hindu women (Shah Rukh Khan, Aamir Khan etc.) and claim that this is a sign of Ismazing India. More than 600 knowledgeable people upvoted it.

My perspective - This answer is bigotism at it’s core. First, it treats Hindu women as ‘property’ who are shifted from Hinduism to Islam. No, seriously, think about this - I could make the same claim and say that Hindu women are marrying Muslim men, and therefore this is a sign of conversion of Muslims to Hindus.Ever thought about women as not being a transferable property, anyone?

Like I said, this is a matter of perspective.

We see what we want to see. And sadly, a lot of people want to prove that Bollywood is Islamizing India, and thus use such ill thought-out answers.

This is why we need to talk about something bigger.

Part 2: Confirmation Bias

The overwhelming theme is this: we would notice a Muslim as specifically being a Muslim. But a lot of Hindu things will not register in our minds. This is because of a psychological truth known as confirmation bias.

Confirmation bias works like this:

You believe that Bollywood is Islamizing India.

Now, if there is anything that even remotely connects to Islam or Muslims, it registers in your brain, and you exclaim, “See! I told you these people are highlighting Islam a lot!”

Many other things, that are not connected to Islam, are just ignored by you, because you pay no attention to it.

To understand this better, read this wonderful example -

You have a disagreement with your friend in a cafe. You’re convinced that Stevie Wonder is the best musician of the 20th century. Your friend disagrees, arguing that Bob Dylan is in fact the best musician of the 20th century. In an effort to prove your point, you Google ‘Stevie Wonder best musician of all time’. You click on the third result (ignoring the first two – you don’t like the look of what those two say) and proudly present an article to your friend that supports your viewpoint. Feeling vindicated, you relax back into your chair, smile, and try not to look too smug.

Source

This is what happens, ladies and gentlemen.

You search for Muslim references in Bollywood, and you will find tons of movies where the lead characters are Muslims, and you write it on this Quora thread, and exclaim, “See! So many Muslim characters! Bollywood is clearly Islamizing India! I told you!”

What you didn’t tell others is that you specifically searched for it.

In the first part, where I talk about perspectives, I clearly mention that people see what they want to see. And that is why, any scene depicted in a movie which even remotely praises Islam or even remotely projects anything against Hinduism catches your eye, because that is what you want to see.

I know what you are probably thinking.

You are thinking that I have gone mad. And that there is an overwhelming amount of Bollywood films that talk about Muslim heroes and Muslim rituals and that praise Islam. I know this is what you are thinking.

And no matter what I say, you will find it hard to believe otherwise. Because confirmation bias is indeed very strong. But there is something that can give you another perspective to consider.

The only way to avoid confirmation bias (that is, propensity to look for something specific) is to look at everything. And then make a call about the overall trends. Makes sense? Cool.

So, how do you look at everything?

Part 3: Statistics

How you look at everything is by rejecting specific examples and specific movies. Because when you pick specific movies, you set the agenda even before you finish the answer.

Here is how people react when you mention specific movies:

You mention 5, 10 (or at best 15) movies which you think are examples of how Bollywood is Islamizing India.

The readers look at your answer, and their brain thinks “Oh my God! Allthese movies are favouring Islam! Clearly something is off!”

Our brain then starts projecting what the overall situation might be like. Then, we start to believe that Bollywood as a whole is Islamizing India. And your point is proved.

Remember that every answer to this question talks about specific instances (at best 4 or 5 movies, or specific scenes from those movies) to prove their point that Bollywood is Islamizing India.

But, do you know how many movies are actually made?

Tada… turns out that Bollywood makes more than 1000 films every year.[2]1602 films were released in 2012, and 1986 in 2017[3] So, are you saying that you have analysed all these films to identify a trend?

How exactly can anyone claim, based on a handful examples, that Bollywood is Islamizing India? This is ridiculous, and beyond my understanding. But wait for the real twist.

It turns out that some analysis has already been done.

Submission 1: Analysis of Bollywood Characters

Consider this report which talks about the results of an analysis of Bollywood films, as depicted in the chart.

The most common character in Hindi films is also a Hindu, according to the Hindu report. Only very few roles are written keeping in mind a Christian, Muslim or Sikh.

Bollywood films are all about upper-caste Hindu heroes

This data is based on the survey carried out by The Hindu, which points out some other interesting details. Read this:

In Bollywood movies released in 2013, four leading men were Christian, one Jain, three Sikh and 5 Muslim. Of the rest, 65 were upper caste Hindus, while the remaining were Hindus of unstated caste without caste reference. The numbers were the same for men and women.

In Bollywood, storylines remain backward on caste

This is the closest I got to the analysis of Bollywood, religion-wise.

How can you still say that Bollywood is Islamizing India?

Oh, but I know you are probably thinking: not all movies are equally important, right? Some movies are more popular than others, and those movies influence the people more than others? What if those films are Muslim oriented? Someone should check that too!

Don’t worry. I checked it.

Submission 2: Most famous films

I personally found the list of top 10 movies in Bollywood for the past 4 years, and analysed the story lines and the characters personally.

Here is the list, and analysis.

Highest grossing films in 2014:

PK - A film that talks about all religions and points out the faults with Islam and Hinduism, among other religions.

Kick - The lead character is a Hindu, and is shown to be super cool, and is in love with another Hindu girl. All gets well in the end.

Happy New Year - Again, a predominantly Hindu cast (portrayed by a Muslim actor, ha), doing random stuff.

Bang Bang - The lead cast is a Hindu, and some Muslims are depicted as antagonists.

Singham Returns - A Hindu policeman is shown to be honest, and is fighting against terrorism

Jai Ho! - A Hindu army officer is shown fighting against terrorists, for love of the motherland.

Holiday - A Hindu army officer is shown fighting against terrorists, for love of the motherland.

2 states - a love story between two people, both Hindus or associated with Hinduism (but of different castes)

Ek villain - a drama portraying a Hindu couple, and a Hindu villain attempting to destroy the couple’s life.

Gunday - the film portrays lead cast, and the story, both revolving around Bengali Hindus.

Highest grossing gilms in 2015 -

Bajrangi Bhaijaan - A Hindu lead actor tries to save a Muslim from Pakistan, and in the process sending a message of peace between the two countries.

Prem Ratan Dhan Payo - A family drama primarily depicting a Hindu family doing their stuff.

Dilwale - a complicated love story between a Hindu couple and their younger Hindu siblings.

Bajirao Mastani - a story revolving around the love story of a famous Hindu King Peshwa Bajirao.

Tanu weds Manu returns - a love triangle story, where all the people involved are Hindu, and they are doing their random stuff.

Welcome back - a comedy movie, depicting the life of gangstar criminals, all predominantly Hindu.

ABCD 2 - Film revolving around a dancer, a Hindu, who tries to achieve some life goals, and succeeds.

Dil Dhadakne Do - a family drama in a upper class Hindu family where they try to challenge societal norms, and in the end the family is shown as quite mature.

Piku - a light hearted film featuring a Hindu girl who is daring and open minded, managing to live with an aged Hindu father suffering from constipation.

Tamasha - love story of a Hindu couple.

Highest grossing films in 2016:

Dangal: based on a real life story of a famous Hindu wrestler, Gita Kumari Phogat. The film invokes patriotism.

Sultan: A story of a fictional Muslim wrestler, Sultan. The film invokes patriotism.

Ae Dil Hai Mushkil - a love story depicting complicated relations between different people, mostly Muslim people.

Rustom: the story based on a real life incident by a Parsi navy officer and his love interest, and how he saves the nation.

MS Dhoni: based on a real life story of a Hindu cricketer.

Airlift: a film showing the valour of a Hindu based out of Kuwait in saving Indians in times of crises.

Housefull 3: a nonsense comedy film majorly depicting Hindu characters doing their random stuff.

Fan: a film showing a famous Hindu actor being harassed by his fanatic fan, also a Hindu.

Kapoor and Sons: a family drama of a Hindu family, reflecting on life’s complications and how, in the end, the family should stick together and accept each other no matter what.

Shivaay: an action film showing a Hindu character, even the name of the film is based on a famous Hindu deity.

Highest grossing films in 2017:

Secret Superstar - the story of a Muslim girl who wants to be a famous singer and her struggles.

Tiger Zinda Hai - story of a Hindu Indian spy and his Pakistani Muslim love interest together fighting against terrorism, both not betraying their own countries.

Golmaal Again - a comedy film featuring Hindu characters doing their random stuff.

Raees - the story of a Muslim gangster, focusing on the anti-hero ideas and depicting his life.

Judwaa 2: remake of a old film that showed Hindu twins.

Toilet - Ek Prem Katha: a film showing the love story of a Hindu who falls in love with another Hindu and tries to build a toilet for her, in the process challenging age old rigid mentalities in the society.

Tubelight: Based around the 1962 Indo-China war, showing a Hindu doing his random stuff.

Kaabil: showing two blind Hindu people falling in love and trying to live life against unsurmountable challenges.

Badrinath ki Dulhania: a Hindu hero falls in love with a Hindu girl and tries to convince his father to let him marry her.

Jolly LLB 2: A Hindu advocate fighting for a Muslim victim who was killed by a Hindu policeman. The Hindu advocate wins the case for the Muslim victim.

So, yeah, now that you went through that list of the last four years, I think the answer to this question is evident.

I will repeat for the sake of clarity.

Bollywood is not Islamizing India. Bollywood stories still revolve around Hindus, which is okay since India has a majority Hindu population.

A handful of Bollywood movies that glorify or talk about Islam, are selected by people on Quora who are trying to prove that Bollywood is Islamizing India, and in doing so they ignore all the other Hindu films, only focusing on the Muslim aspect. This happens due to confirmation bias.

Sometimes, people use nonsense logic (such as Hindu actors marrying Muslim actors) to prove that Bollywood is Islamizing India. This is clearly a matter of perception, and I have offered another perspective for you to consider.

Thank you!

PS: comments mentioning specific movies and specific scenes will not be entertained. If you are tempted to write a comment with a specific movie (oh, in that movie they glorified Muslims!), please first read this.

Footnotes

[1] Vegetarian India A Myth? Survey Shows Over 70% Indians Eat Non-Veg, Telangana Tops List

[2] Bollywood: India's Film Industry By The Numbers [Infographic]

[3] Bollywood - Wikipedia

Written by, 

Palkesh Asawa.

https://www.quora.com/profile/Palkesh-Asawa?ch=10&share=4e7cdbd9&srid=CId2

Link to original content:

https://www.quora.com/Is-Bollywood-slowly-islamizing-India/answer/Palkesh-Asawa?ch=10&share=95ebc8d5&srid=CId2

What do audiophiles know that most people do not?

A good pair of headphones is like a glass of water.

It seems dull and uncool, but when you mix sugar with it, you taste sugar. And when you mix salt with it, you taste salt. You never taste the water.

Good headphones will let you hear the music, and not the headphones. Whatever kind of music you mix with it, you will only hear the music.

Image Courtesy: Google

And a bad pair of headphones (especially from a trendy brand that rhymes with cheats) is like Coke.

It seems really good at first. It’s trendy, and it’s hip. But when you try to mix sugar or salt with it, you still taste the Coke.

If your water has some sort of weird taste, it’s probably not safe to drink. ;-)

Edit:

Thanks for all the upvotes. I have received a few requests for headphone recommendations, so here it goes. Take it with a pinch of salt, because this is just one man’s opinion, and there are thousands of other great headphones.

$50 - AKG K52, SoundMAGIC E80

$100 - Audio Technica ATH-M40x, Philips SHP9500, Sony MDR-7506

$200 - Audio Technica ATH-AD900X, Fostex T50RP MK3(*), Massdrop x AKG K7XX(*), Sennheiser HD 598

$300 - HiFiMan HE-400S(*), Philips Fidelio X2

(*) These headphones will require a decent amp to sound good. AudioQuest DragonFly Black is a decent combo for $99.

Written by,

Ruhul Quddus Shakkhor

https://www.quora.com/profile/Ruhul-Quddus-Shakkhor?ch=10&share=3f59a114&srid=CId2

Link to original content:

https://www.quora.com/What-do-audiophiles-know-that-most-people-do-not/answer/Ruhul-Quddus-Shakkhor?ch=10&share=54cf182e&srid=CId2